Learn everything about Refractive Errors mcq in this detailed collection of Ophthalmology & Optometry MCQs (Q1–40) with answers and short explanations. Covers Emmetropia, Ametropia, Myopia (types, causes, complications, treatment), and Hypermetropia (clinical features, correction methods, and surgeries). Ideal for Optometry, AIIMS, NEET, RRB, and competitive exam preparation.
1. Emmetropia means:
A. Parallel rays focus behind retina
B. Parallel rays focus in front of retina
C. Parallel rays focus on retina
D. Accommodation required for distance
View Answer
C. Parallel rays focus on retina ✅ Exp: Normal refraction = emmetropia.
2. Ametropia means:
A. Normal eye
B. Refractive error
C. Presbyopia
D. Ocular muscle imbalance
View Answer
B. Refractive error ✅ Exp: Any error where parallel rays don’t focus on retina.
3. Ametropia includes all except:
A. Myopia
B. Hypermetropia
C. Astigmatism
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
D. Presbyopia ✅ Exp: Presbyopia = physiological, not ametropia.
4. The main determinant of refractive error is:
A. Corneal curvature
B. Vitreous index
C. Pupil
D. Tear film
View Answer
A. Corneal curvature ✅ Exp: Corneal curvature contributes ~43 D.
5. Index ametropia occurs due to:
A. Change in corneal curvature
B. Change in lens refractive index
C. Change in axial length
D. Change in vitreous
View Answer
B. Change in lens refractive index ✅ Exp: Seen in cataract, diabetes, aging.
Myopia – Basics
6. In myopia, parallel rays focus:
A. On retina
B. Behind retina
C. In front of retina
D. At infinity
View Answer
C. In front of retina ✅ Exp: Excess power/axial length → rays focus in front.
7. Myopia is also called:
A. Short-sight
B. Long-sight
C. Old-sight
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
7. Myopia is also called: Exp: Near vision clear, distance blurred.
8. Myopia is corrected by:
A. Convex lenses
B. Concave lenses
C. Cylindrical lenses
D. Prisms
View Answer
B. Concave lenses ✅ Exp: Minus lenses diverge light to retina.
9. Each 1 mm increase in axial length corresponds to:
A. 1 D myopia
B. 3 D myopia
C. 0.5 D myopia
D. 5 D myopia
View Answer
B. 3 D myopia ✅ Exp: Axial myopia relation.
10. Pathological myopia is usually:
A. <–3 D
B. >–6 D
C. >–2 D
D. Any degree
View Answer
B. >–6 D ✅ Exp: High/pathological myopia >–6 D.
Myopia – Types
11. Axial myopia is due to:
A. Increased axial length
B. Corneal curvature changeC. Lens index change
D. Pupil size
View Answer
A. Increased axial length ✅ Exp: Most common type.
12. Curvature myopia occurs due to:
A. Increased corneal curvature
B. Short axial length
C. Lens thickness
D. Tear film changes
View Answer
A. Increased corneal curvature ✅ Exp: Steeper cornea → more power.
13. Index myopia occurs in:
A. Nuclear sclerosis
B. Aphakia
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Corneal scar
View Answer
A. Nuclear sclerosis ✅ Exp: Lens sclerosis increases refractive index.
14. Pseudomyopia is due to:
A. True axial length increase
B. Ciliary spasm
C. Lens index change
D. Aphakia
View Answer
B. Ciliary spasm ✅ Exp: Accommodative spasm mimics myopia.
15. Nocturnal myopia occurs due to:
A. Dark adaptation
B. Axial elongation
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Lens sclerosis
View Answer
A. Dark adaptation ✅ Exp: Increased accommodation in dim light.
Myopia – Clinical Features
16. Lattice degeneration is commonly seen in:
A. Hypermetropia
B. Myopia
C. Astigmatism
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
B. Myopia ✅ Exp: Retinal degeneration → risk of detachment.
17. Posterior staphyloma is seen in:
A. Pathological myopia
B. Hypermetropia
C. Presbyopia
D. Aphakia
View Answer
A. Pathological myopia ✅ Exp: Outpouching of posterior sclera.
18. Fuchs’ spot is:
A. Pigmented macular lesion in high myopia
B. Retinal tear
C. Corneal scar
D. Optic disc coloboma
View Answer
A. Pigmented macular lesion in high myopia ✅ Exp: Due to subretinal hemorrhage & scarring.
19. Typical fundus of high myopia shows:
A. Large disc with blurred margin
B. Temporal crescent at disc
C. Cherry-red spot
D. Tigroid fundus only
View Answer
B. Temporal crescent at disc ✅ Exp: Myopic crescent is hallmark.
20. Night blindness is associated with:
A. High myopia
B. Hypermetropia
C. Presbyopia
D. Astigmatism
View Answer
A. High myopia ✅ Exp: Rod dysfunction in myopes.
Myopia – Treatment
21. The optical correction for myopia is:
A. Convex lens
B. Concave lens
C. Plano lens
D. Prism
View Answer
B. Concave lens ✅ Exp: Minus lens diverges rays.
22. Surgical correction of myopia includes:
A. LASIK
B. DCR
C. Keratoplasty
D. Trabeculectomy
View Answer
A. LASIK ✅ Exp: Refractive surgeries correct myopia.
23. Phakic IOLs are indicated in myopia:
A. <–3 D
B. >–12 D
C. >–2 D
D. Any degree
View Answer
B. >–12 D ✅ Exp: Very high myopia unsuitable for LASIK.
24. Orthokeratology corrects myopia by:
A. Flattening cornea with lenses
B. LASIK
C. Lens removal
D. IOLs
View Answer
A. Flattening cornea with lenses ✅ Exp: RGP lenses overnight reshape cornea.
25. LASIK is contraindicated in myopia with:
A. Keratoconus
B. –4 D error
C. Young adults
D. Stable refraction
View Answer
A. Keratoconus ✅ Exp: Corneal thinning is contraindication.
Hypermetropia – Basics
26. In hypermetropia, parallel rays focus:
A. On retina
B. Behind retina
C. In front of retina
D. On vitreous
View Answer
B. Behind retina ✅ Exp: Insufficient power → focus behind retina.
27. Hypermetropia is also called:
A. Short-sight
B. Long-sight
C. Night-sight
D. Old-sight
View Answer
B. Long-sight ✅ Exp: Distance clear, near blur.
28. Hypermetropia is corrected by:
A. Concave lenses
B. Convex lenses
C. Cylindrical lenses
D. Prisms
View Answer
B. Convex lenses ✅ Exp: Plus lenses converge rays.
29. Axial hypermetropia is due to:
A. Shorter axial length
B. Steeper cornea
C. Lens sclerosis
D. High index
View Answer
A. Shorter axial length ✅ Exp: Most common cause.
30. Index hypermetropia may be seen in:
A. Cortical cataract
B. Nuclear sclerosis
C. Corneal scar
D. Myopia
View Answer
A. Cortical cataract ✅ Exp: Lens cortex hydration lowers index.
Hypermetropia – Clinical Features
31. Hypermetropia predisposes to:
A. Primary open angle glaucoma
B. Primary angle-closure glaucoma
C. Lattice degeneration
D. Posterior staphyloma
View Answer
B. Primary angle-closure glaucoma ✅ Exp: Short eye → shallow AC → angle closure risk.
32. Hypermetropes often develop:
A. Esotropia
B. Exotropia
C. Hypertropia
D. Nystagmus
View Answer
A. Esotropia ✅ Exp: Convergence excess from over-accommodation.
33. Latent hypermetropia is masked by:
A. Accommodation
B. Astigmatism
C. Axial length
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
A. Accommodation ✅ Exp: Accommodation compensates until revealed.
34. Manifest hypermetropia is:
A. Not corrected by accommodation
B. Hidden by ciliary effort
C. Always axial
D. Cannot be corrected
View Answer
A. Not corrected by accommodation ✅ Exp: Part visible despite accommodation.
35. Facultative hypermetropia is:
A. Correctable by accommodation
B. Not correctable
C. Pathological only
D. Pseudophakia
View Answer
A. Correctable by accommodation ✅ Exp: Correctable fraction of hypermetropia.
Hypermetropia – Treatment
36. Absolute hypermetropia is:
A. Uncorrectable by accommodation
B. Hidden error
C. Correctable error
D. Pathological only
View Answer
A. Uncorrectable by accommodation ✅ Exp: Only corrected with convex lenses.
37. Total hypermetropia =:
A. Latent + Manifest
B. Facultative + Absolute
C. Correctable + Uncorrectable
D. Axial + Index
View Answer
37. Total hypermetropia =: Exp: Total = complete error.
38. Convex lenses are prescribed in hypermetropia for:
A. Asthenopic symptoms
B. Asymptomatic cases always
C. Any patient with headache
D. Myopia
View Answer
A. Asthenopic symptoms ✅ Exp: Relieves strain in symptomatic hypermetropes.
39. Cycloplegic refraction is used to detect:
A. Latent hypermetropia
B. Myopia
C. Presbyopia
D. Anisometropia only
View Answer
A. Latent hypermetropia ✅ Exp: Paralysis of accommodation reveals full error.
40. Hypermetropia surgery includes:
A. LASIK with corneal steepening
B. DCR
C. Trabeculectomy
D. Keratoplasty
View Answer
A. LASIK with corneal steepening ✅ Exp: LASIK can correct hyperopia by steepening cornea.
