Learn important MCQs on Refractive Errors for Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Paramedical exams. Covers Hypermetropia, Astigmatism, Anisometropia, and Surgical Corrections with detailed answers. Perfect for DMER, DHS, and other government exam preparation – only on MCQZone.in.
Hypermetropia – More Concepts
41. Hypermetropia is physiologically common in:
A. Newborns
B. Adults
C. Elderly
D. Myopes
View Answer
A. Newborns ✅ Exp: Due to shorter axial length at birth.
42. Average refractive error of newborn is:
A. +0.5 D
B. +2.5 D
C. –2.5 D
D. 0 D
View Answer
B. +2.5 D ✅ Exp: Most infants are hypermetropic.
43. Physiological hypermetropia usually disappears by:
A. 2 years
B. 6–7 years
C. 12 years
D. Puberty
View Answer
B. 6–7 years ✅ Exp: Eye growth corrects axial length.
44. Pathological hypermetropia is due to:
A. Microphthalmos
B. Physiological short eye
C. Accommodation
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
A. Microphthalmos ✅ Exp: Abnormal axial shortening or other anomalies.
45. Axial hypermetropia of 1 mm shortening corresponds to:
A. 1 D
B. 2.5–3 D
C. 0.5 D
D. 5 D
View Answer
B. 2.5–3 D ✅ Exp: 1 mm axial decrease = ~3 D hypermetropia.
Astigmatism – Basics
46. Astigmatism is due to:
A. Unequal curvature in different meridians
B. Short axial length
C. Lens sclerosis
D. Tear film instability
View Answer
A. Unequal curvature in different meridians ✅ Exp: Principal meridians have different powers.
47. Regular astigmatism means:
A. Principal meridians at right angles
B. No fixed axis
C. Irregular corneal curvature
D. Cannot be corrected
View Answer
A. Principal meridians at right angles ✅ Exp: Orthogonal meridians.
48. Irregular astigmatism means:
A. No fixed meridians
B. Orthogonal meridians
C. Always congenital
D. Only lenticular origin
View Answer
A. No fixed meridians ✅ Exp: Cannot be corrected by cylinders, needs RGP lenses.
49. Simple myopic astigmatism means:
A. One meridian emmetropic, one myopic
B. Both myopic
C. Both hypermetropic
D. Mixed error
View Answer
A. One meridian emmetropic, one myopic ✅ Exp: One axis on retina, other in front.
50. Simple hypermetropic astigmatism means:
A. One axis emmetropic, one hypermetropic
B. Both axes hypermetropic
C. Both myopic
D. Mixed error
View Answer
A. One axis emmetropic, one hypermetropic ✅ Exp: One meridian normal, other behind retina.
Astigmatism – Clinical Types
51. Compound myopic astigmatism means:
A. Both meridians myopic
B. One hypermetropic
C. Mixed error
D. Emmetropic
View Answer
A. Both meridians myopic ✅ Exp: Both focus in front of retina.
52. Compound hypermetropic astigmatism means:
A. Both meridians hypermetropic
B. Both myopic
C. One emmetropic
D. Mixed
View Answer
A. Both meridians hypermetropic ✅ Exp: Both focus behind retina.
53. Mixed astigmatism means:
A. One meridian myopic, other hypermetropic
B. Both emmetropic
C. Both hypermetropic
D. Both myopic
View Answer
A. One meridian myopic, other hypermetropic ✅ Exp: Opposite signs of error.
54. With-the-rule astigmatism means:
A. Vertical meridian steeper
B. Horizontal meridian steeper
C. Oblique axes
D. Random axis
View Answer
A. Vertical meridian steeper ✅ Exp: Common in youth.
55. Against-the-rule astigmatism means:
A. Horizontal meridian steeper
B. Vertical meridian steeper
C. Oblique axes
D. Irregular axis
View Answer
A. Horizontal meridian steeper ✅ Exp: Common in elderly.
Astigmatism – Correction
56. Astigmatism is corrected by:
A. Cylindrical lenses
B. Spherical lenses
C. Prisms
D. Contact lenses only
View Answer
A. Cylindrical lenses ✅ Exp: Cylinders neutralize power difference.
57. Oblique astigmatism is corrected by cylinder axis:
A. 0°–180°
B. 45° or 135°
C. 90° only
D. 30°–60°
View Answer
B. 45° or 135° ✅ Exp: Non-vertical/horizontal meridians.
58. Regular astigmatism is corrected best by:
A. Cylindrical lenses
B. RGP contact lenses
C. Toric IOL
D. All of the above
View Answer
A. Cylindrical lenses ✅ Exp: Cylinders are first-line.
59. Irregular astigmatism is corrected best by:
A. RGP contact lenses
B. Cylindrical lenses
C. LASIK always
D. Bifocals
View Answer
A. RGP contact lenses ✅ Exp: Rigid lenses neutralize irregular cornea.
60. Keratoconus is corrected in early stage by:
A. Cylindrical glasses
B. RGP lenses
C. Corneal transplant
D. Intacs
View Answer
A. Cylindrical glasses ✅
Anisometropia & Aniseikonia
61. Anisometropia means:
A. Unequal refractive error between eyes
B. Unequal curvature
C. Unequal pupil size
D. Unequal accommodation
View Answer
A. Unequal refractive error between eyes ✅ Exp: >1 D difference between eyes.
62. Aniseikonia means:
A. Unequal retinal image size
B. Unequal refractive error
C. Unequal axial length
D. Diplopia
View Answer
A. Unequal retinal image size ✅ Exp: Image size difference affects fusion.
63. Spectacles poorly tolerated in anisometropia >:
A. 1 D
B. 2 D
C. 3 D
D. 5 D
View Answer
C. 3 D ✅ Exp: >3 D → image disparity → intolerance.
64. Contact lenses are better in anisometropia because:
A. Lighter
B. Reduce aniseikonia
C. Cosmetic only
D. Less expensive
View Answer
B. Reduce aniseikonia ✅ Exp: CLs reduce image size difference.
65. High anisometropia correction by spectacles causes:
A. Diplopia
B. Aniseikonia
C. Aphakia
D. No effect
View Answer
B. Aniseikonia ✅ Exp: Different image sizes → poor fusion.
Clinical Tests & Refraction
66. Retinoscopy is based on:
A. Retinal reflection
B. Corneal refraction
C. Prism deviation
D. Lens curvature
View Answer
A. Retinal reflection ✅ Exp: Objective refraction test.
67. Cycloplegic refraction is essential in:
A. Children
B. Adults with presbyopia
C. Elderly
D. Aphakia
View Answer
A. Children ✅ Exp: Eliminates accommodation.
68. Fogging technique in refraction is used to:
A. Relax accommodation
B. Stimulate convergence
C. Measure AC/A ratio
D. Detect cataract
View Answer
A. Relax accommodation ✅ Exp: Blurs distance vision with plus lens.
69. Stenopaic slit test is useful for:
A. Astigmatism
B. Hypermetropia
C. Myopia only
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
A. Astigmatism ✅ Exp: Selects one meridian at a time.
70. Jackson’s cross cylinder is used to refine:
A. Astigmatism correction
B. Hypermetropia correction
C. Myopia correction
D. Presbyopia correction
View Answer
A. Astigmatism correction ✅ Exp: Axis and power refinement.
Surgical Corrections
71. LASIK corrects:
A. Myopia
B. Hypermetropia
C. Astigmatism
D. All of the above
View Answer
D. All of the above ✅ Exp: Excimer laser reshapes cornea.
72. PRK differs from LASIK by:
A. Surface ablation only
B. Corneal flap creation
C. Intrastromal ablation
D. IOL use
View Answer
A. Surface ablation only ✅ Exp: PRK removes epithelium, ablates stroma.
73. SMILE is based on:
A. Femtosecond laser lenticule extraction
B. Excimer surface ablation
C. Intrastromal corneal ring
D. Phakic IOL
View Answer
A. Femtosecond laser lenticule extraction ✅ Exp: Small-incision lenticule extraction for myopia/astigmatism.
74. Phakic IOLs are used for:
A. High myopia
B. Low hypermetropia
C. Presbyopia
D. Cataract
View Answer
A. High myopia ✅ Exp: Corrects very high myopia.
75. Clear lens extraction is sometimes used for:
A. High hypermetropia
B. Low myopia
C. Presbyopia only
D. Astigmatism only
View Answer
A. High hypermetropia ✅ Exp: Removes natural lens, replaces with IOL.
Summary & Clinical Pearls
76. Myopia is most common in:
A. Urban children
B. Rural children
C. Elderly
D. Newborns
View Answer
A. Urban children ✅ Exp: Near work + genetics → urban prevalence.
77. Hypermetropia predisposes to:
A. Primary angle closure glaucoma
B. Retinal detachment
C. Lattice degeneration
D. Posterior staphyloma
View Answer
A. Primary angle closure glaucoma ✅ Exp: Shallow AC in hyperopes.
78. Astigmatism is mostly:
A. Corneal in origin
B. Lenticular only
C. Retinal
D. Vitreous
View Answer
A. Corneal in origin ✅ Exp: Corneal curvature usually cause.
79. Anisometropia can lead to:
A. Amblyopia
B. Glaucoma
C. Retinal detachment
D. Presbyopia
View Answer
A. Amblyopia ✅ Exp: Unequal retinal images suppress one eye.
80. Best method to avoid aniseikonia in high anisometropia:
A. Spectacles
B. Contact lenses
C. Prisms
D. Cylindrical glasses
View Answer
B. Contact lenses ✅ Exp: CLs minimize image size difference.
