Perfect Chapter 4 is now 100% complete Mcq for ophthalmology (Q1–500) with accurate, exam-grade optics + instrumentation MCQs exactly aligned with A.K. Khurana NEET PG, NEXT, AIIMS, Optometry, MRCOphth, and MRCSEd standards.
Optical Principles in Clinical Devices
Q441. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is analogous to which ultrasound mode?
A. A-scan
B. B-scan
C. C-scan
D. D-mode
View Answer
B. B-scan ✅ Exp: OCT provides cross-sectional imaging like B-scan ultrasound but uses light interference.
Q442. Pachymetry is used to measure —
A. Corneal thickness
B. Corneal curvature
C. IOP
D. Lens power
View Answer
A. Corneal thickness ✅ Exp: Ultrasound or optical pachymeters quantify central and peripheral corneal thickness.
Q443. Specular reflection principle used in —
A. Keratometer
B. Perimeter
C. Retinoscope
D. Autorefractor
View Answer
A. Keratometer ✅ Exp: Measures corneal radius by analyzing reflected mires from tear film.
Q444. Slit-lamp biomicroscope is a combination of —
A. Illumination and observation systems at an angle
B. Parallel beams
C. Single lens system
D. Fixed aperture
View Answer
A. Illumination and observation systems at an angle ✅ Exp: Oblique illumination enhances depth perception and detail resolution.
Q445. Retinoscope beam reflected from —
A. Retina
B. Cornea
C. Lens
D. Iris
View Answer
A. Retina ✅ Exp: Analyzes reflex movement to determine refractive status.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q446. Direct ophthalmoscope image is —
A. Erect and virtual
B. Inverted and real
C. Magnified and real
D. Reversed and real
View Answer
A. Erect and virtual ✅ Exp: Forms upright virtual image with ~15× magnification.
Q447. Indirect ophthalmoscopy image is —
A. Real and inverted
B. Virtual and erect
C. Real and erect
D. Virtual and inverted
View Answer
A. Real and inverted ✅ Exp: Aerial image formed between lens and observer.
Q448. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy provides —
A. Stereoscopic wide field view
B. Narrow monocular field
C. Direct macular image
D. Confocal illumination
View Answer
A. Stereoscopic wide field view ✅ Exp: Two-eyed observation gives depth perception.
Q449. Typical field of view in indirect ophthalmoscopy —
A. 25–40°
B. 5°
C. 60–80°
D. 90°
View Answer
A. 25–40° ✅ Exp: Wider than direct ophthalmoscope.
Q450. Photorefraction used for —
A. Screening refractive errors in children
B. Measuring IOP
C. Corneal curvature
D. Retinal field
View Answer
A. Screening refractive errors in children ✅ Exp: Camera records reflex pattern from pupil to estimate error.
Integration with Digital Systems
Q451. Tele-ophthalmology uses —
A. Digital image transmission via internet
B. Optical fiber only
C. Analog video
D. Direct photography
View Answer
A. Digital image transmission via internet ✅ Exp: Remote screening and diagnosis through digital connectivity.
Q452. DICOM protocol ensures —
A. Standardized medical image exchange
B. Lens power calibration
C. Color management only
D. 3D printing
View Answer
A. Standardized medical image exchange ✅ Exp: Used for interoperability across ophthalmic devices.
Q453. Electronic medical record (EMR) integration helps —
A. Automated data archiving from devices
B. Manual transcription
C. Reduced image size
D. Loss of metadata
View Answer
A. Automated data archiving from devices ✅ Exp: Connects autorefractors, OCT, perimeters for paperless workflow.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q454. Artificial intelligence in fundus imaging used for —
A. Diabetic retinopathy screening
B. Color enhancement
C. Image compression
D. Refraction
View Answer
A. Diabetic retinopathy screening ✅ Exp: AI models detect microaneurysms and exudates automatically.
Q455. AI-based anterior segment analysis detects —
A. Keratoconus and angle closure
B. Retinal tear
C. Macular hole
D. Vitreous floaters
View Answer
A. Keratoconus and angle closure ✅ Exp: Deep learning trained on topography and AS-OCT images.
Q456. Cloud storage benefit in ophthalmic data —
A. Remote access and backup
B. Offline only
C. Loses quality
D. Requires no security
View Answer
A. Remote access and backup ✅ Exp: Facilitates multi-center teleconsultation and research.
Q457. 3D OCT reconstruction created by —
A. Stacking serial B-scans
B. Laser triangulation
C. MRI
D. Confocal sectioning
View Answer
A. Stacking serial B-scans ✅ Exp: Software combines multiple cross-sections for volumetric image.
Q458. Swept-source OCT advantage —
A. Deeper penetration and faster speed
B. Slower scan
C. Lower resolution
D. Surface only
View Answer
A. Deeper penetration and faster speed ✅ Exp: Tunable laser improves choroidal visualization.
Q459. OCT-angiography (OCT-A) detects —
A. Retinal and choroidal blood flow without dye
B. Fluorescein uptake
C. Pigment density
D. Pupil reaction
View Answer
A. Retinal and choroidal blood flow without dye ✅ Exp: Motion contrast imaging from multiple scans.
Q460. Optical biometry measures —
A. Axial length, AC depth, lens thickness
B. Corneal power only
C. Refraction
D. Retinal curvature
View Answer
A. Axial length, AC depth, lens thickness ✅ Exp: Essential for IOL power calculation.
Lens Design & IOL Optics
Q461. Aspheric IOL advantage —
A. Reduces spherical aberration
B. Increases glare
C. Thicker profile
D. Less contrast
View Answer
A. Reduces spherical aberration ✅ Exp: Improves image quality especially for large pupils.
Q462. Multifocal IOLs provide —
A. Distance and near focus
B. Only distance
C. Astigmatism correction
D. Monovision
View Answer
A. Distance and near focus ✅ Exp: Divides light into two foci for spectacle-free vision.
Q463. Toric IOL used for —
A. Astigmatism correction
B. Presbyopia
C. Myopia only
D. Aphakia
View Answer
A. Astigmatism correction ✅ Exp: Cylindrical component neutralizes corneal astigmatism.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q464. Extended Depth of Focus (EDOF) IOLs aim to —
A. Provide continuous range of focus
B. Single focus
C. Block UV
D. Filter blue light only
View Answer
A. Provide continuous range of focus ✅ Exp: Smooth defocus curve for intermediate vision.
Q465. Blue-light filter IOLs protect —
A. Retina from phototoxic damage
B. Lens epithelium
C. Cornea
D. Iris
View Answer
A. Retina from phototoxic damage ✅ Exp: Reduce macular stress from short-wavelength light.
Q466. Pseudo-accommodation in IOL achieved by —
A. Aspheric or multifocal design
B. High power lens
C. Small pupil
D. Thick capsule
View Answer
A. Aspheric or multifocal design ✅ Exp: Allows range of clear focus without true accommodation.
Q467. IOL centring is critical because —
A. Decentration induces aberrations
B. Increases depth of focus
C. Reduces glare
D. Improves contrast
View Answer
A. Decentration induces aberrations ✅ Exp: Off-axis placement distorts optical performance.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q468. Intraocular lens power calculation uses —
A. Axial length and corneal curvature
B. Retinal thickness
C. IOP
D. A-C angle
View Answer
A. Axial length and corneal curvature ✅ Exp: Basic parameters in SRK/T and Barrett formulas.
Q469. SRK formula includes A-constant which represents —
A. IOL position factor
B. Axial length
C. Keratometry
D. Refraction error
View Answer
A. IOL position factor ✅ Exp: Reflects effective lens position for given IOL type.
Q470. Modern formula like Barrett Universal II uses —
A. Artificial intelligence and ray-tracing
B. Empirical constant
C. Single variable
D. Manual graph
View Answer
A. Artificial intelligence and ray-tracing ✅ Exp: Gives highest accuracy in IOL prediction.
Emerging Optical Technologies
Q471. Ray-tracing optics used in —
A. Customized refractive surgery planning
B. IOP measurement
C. Color testing
D. Perimetry
View Answer
A. Customized refractive surgery planning ✅ Exp: Simulates light path through individual optical system.
Q472. Adaptive optics principle applied in —
A. High-resolution retinal imaging
B. Autorefraction
C. Keratometry
D. Tonometry
View Answer
A. High-resolution retinal imaging ✅ Exp: Corrects real-time wavefront distortion for micron-level detail.
Q473. Wavefront-guided LASIK differs from topography-guided by —
A. Measuring total ocular aberrations
B. Only corneal surface
C. Uses Placido rings only
D. No aberration correction
View Answer
A. Measuring total ocular aberrations ✅ Exp: Accounts for both corneal and internal optics.
Q474. Scheimpflug tomography provides —
A. 3D anterior segment model
B. Fundus video
C. IOP map
D. Lens color
View Answer
A. 3D anterior segment model ✅ Exp: Slit-beam rotation creates true elevation data.
Q475. Optical quality analysis system (OQAS) assesses —
A. Overall image quality and scattering
B. Visual field
C. Color contrast
D. Depth perception
View Answer
A. Overall image quality and scattering ✅ Exp: Quantifies retinal image clarity using double-pass technique.
Q476. Double-pass optical system means —
A. Light travels to and from retina through same path
B. Dual illumination
C. Two lenses
D. Two mirrors only
View Answer
A. Light travels to and from retina through same path ✅ Exp: Measures combined effects of aberration and scatter.
Q477. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) expresses —
A. Contrast transmission at different spatial frequencies
B. Lens magnification
C. Light absorption
D. Aberration sum
View Answer
A. Contrast transmission at different spatial frequencies ✅ Exp: Objective measure of optical system performance.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q478. Point Spread Function (PSF) describes —
A. Image of a point source
B. Contrast ratio
C. Color temperature
D. Exposure time
View Answer
A. Image of a point source ✅ Exp: Defines system’s resolving power and blur profile.
Q479. Higher MTF value means —
A. Better optical quality
B. More aberration
C. Lower contrast
D. Larger pupil
View Answer
A. Better optical quality ✅ Exp: Indicates sharp image formation.
Q480. Strehl ratio approaches 1 for —
A. Perfect optical system
B. Aberrated lens
C. Diffused focus
D. Low contrast
View Answer
A. Perfect optical system ✅ Exp: Ratio of actual PSF to ideal PSF.
Q481. Optical principle in applanation tonometer —
A. Imbert–Fick law
B. Snell’s law
C. Bragg’s law
D. Huygens principle
View Answer
A. Imbert–Fick law ✅ Exp: Pressure = Force / Area when cornea flattened.
Q482. Dynamic contour tonometer advantage —
A. Independent of corneal thickness
B. Less accurate
C. Requires indentation
D. Contact only
View Answer
A. Independent of corneal thickness ✅ Exp: Measures IOP by matching contour rather than flattening.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q483. Optical principle in keratometer —
A. Image size of reflected mires
B. Refraction
C. Transmission
D. Diffraction
View Answer
A. Image size of reflected mires ✅ Exp: Corneal radius from size of reflected object.
Q484. Pachymetry essential in —
A. LASIK and glaucoma evaluation
B. Color testing
C. Fundus exam
D. Tonography
View Answer
A. LASIK and glaucoma evaluation ✅ Exp: Thin cornea = underestimated IOP.
Q485. Laser interferometry can measure —
A. Potential visual acuity
B. Refraction
C. Field of view
D. Tear film
View Answer
A. Potential visual acuity ✅ vExp: Predicts macular function before cataract surgery.
Q486. Purkinje images used to —
A. Assess IOL position and eye alignment
B. Measure IOP
C. Detect tear volume
D. Determine retinal thickness
View Answer
A. Assess IOL position and eye alignment ✅ Exp: Reflections from ocular surfaces analyzed for alignment.
Q487. Optical principle of Gonioscopy —
A. Overcoming total internal reflection
B. Enhancing magnification
C. Reducing glare
D. Inverting image
View Answer
A. Overcoming total internal reflection ✅ Exp: Lens interface allows view of anterior chamber angle.
Q488. Goldman lens angle mirror inclination ≈ —
A. 62°
B. 45°
C. 70°
D. 30°
View Answer
A. 62° ✅ Exp: Provides view of opposite angle through refraction.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q489. Optical principle in OCT-angiography —
A. Motion contrast analysis
B. Fluorescence
C. Polarization
D. Refraction
View Answer
A. Motion contrast analysis ✅ Exp: Detects flow by phase variation
Q490. Principle of Scheiner’s test used in —
A. Determining refractive error
B. Color vision
C. Contrast sensitivity
D. Field of vision
View Answer
A. Determining refractive error ✅ Exp: Two pinholes used to detect focus direction based on retinal image formation.
Q491. Foucault’s knife-edge test demonstrates —
A. Spherical aberration
B. Chromatic aberration
C. Reflection loss
D. Corneal curvature
View Answer
A. Spherical aberration ✅ Exp: Used in optical bench and mirror testing to assess image formation errors.
Q492. Retinal straylight causes —
A. Glare and reduced contrast
B. Color desaturation
C. Night blindness
D. Metamorphopsia
View Answer
A. Glare and reduced contrast ✅ Exp: Scattered light within ocular media reduces contrast sensitivity.
Q493. Optical neutralization used in —
A. Lensometry
B. Refraction
C. Keratometry
D. Perimetry
View Answer
A. Lensometry ✅ Exp: Neutralizes lens power using known reference lens to read prescription.
MCQ for ophthalmology
Q494. Lensometer targets form —
A. Circle of dots or crosslines
B. Horizontal streaks
C. Interference fringes
D. Bright ring
View Answer
A. Circle of dots or crosslines ✅ Exp: Reticle or target used to align optical axis for power reading.
Q495. Objective of clinical optics —
A. Achieve best visual acuity with minimum optical aberration
B. Increase field of view
C. Improve color contrast
D. Reduce accommodation
View Answer
A. Achieve best visual acuity with minimum optical aberration ✅ Exp: Optimize image clarity, comfort, and accuracy of focus.
Q496. Prentice’s rule used to calculate —
A. Induced prism in lenses
B. Spherical equivalent
C. Axis rotation
D. Base curve
View Answer
A. Induced prism in lenses ✅ Exp: Prism (Δ) = decentration (cm) × power (D).
Q497. Spherical equivalent formula —
A. Sphere + ½ Cylinder
B. Cylinder + ½ Sphere
C. Axis × Power
D. Base + Vertex
View Answer
A. Sphere + ½ Cylinder ✅ Exp: Represents average refractive power of a sphero-cylindrical lens.
Q498. Transmittance of an optical medium refers to —
A. Fraction of incident light transmitted
B. Reflected portion
C. Absorbed light
D. Scattered component
View Answer
A. Fraction of incident light transmitted ✅ Exp: Determines clarity and brightness through a medium.
Q499. Optical density measures —
A. Logarithmic light absorption
B. Refractive index
C. Lens curvature
D. Transmission speed
View Answer
A. Logarithmic light absorption ✅ Exp: Higher optical density = less transmitted light.
Q500. Main goal of ophthalmic optics —
A. Precise focusing of light on retina for clear vision
B. Image inversion
C. Color correction only
D. Field expansion
View Answer
A. Precise focusing of light on retina for clear vision ✅ Exp: Encompasses all principles and instruments ensuring retinal image perfection.
